The 2022 escalation of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine into a full-scale war has destroyed parts of entire cities, dislocated millions of individuals, and has increased insecurity of food and energy for many (Johnson, 2023; Oyeleye & Jiang, 2023; Assisi & Kipo-Sunyehzi, 2024).  Khylko & Khylko (2024) therefore contends that this has raised concerns about the shortcomings of the mainstream IR theoretical paradigms (especially realism and liberalism) in reducing this wa

This piece explores the role of information warfare in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, emphasising the strategic importance of media narratives and digital deception on the results of contemporary combat. It highlights how Azerbaijan has successfully used the media to refute Armenian narratives, influencing global opinion and supporting its military achievements.

Warfare in the 21st century has moved beyond battlefields into the realm of perception and belief.